Radiation Treatment of Foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Radiation Treatment of Foods - Research Paper Example The preservation of the quality of the food in terms of flavor, texture and components is also another advantage of the radiation method as compared to other methods (Alothman et al. 201). The first benefit of radiation in food preservation is in terms of effectiveness in disinfection from different forms of contaminants. The use of radiation is recognized as a physical and non-thermal method of food preservation also referred to as cold-pasteurization used to decrease or even remove pathogens and contaminants from food. The process is commonly used for the â€Å"removal of pathogens in fruit juices, hindering the spoilage of seafood and meat products and prevention of microbial growth such as Salmonella in poultry products.† Lower doses referred to as radurization are used to hinder enzyme action such as sprouting and ripening (Dionisio et al. 1267). The process of decontamination then can improve the shelf-life of the food and related products (Alothman et al. 202). The effi ciency of radiation treatment on the basis of price and time is another important advantage. The process of radiation treatment is time-efficient due to the fact that compared to other methods it has short processing time.

The horror of war in Dulce et Decorum est Essay Example for Free

The horror of war in Dulce et Decorum est Essay How does Wilfred Owen portray the horror of war in Dulce et Decorem est? Owens Dulce et Decorem est is a painful, poignant and blunt depiction of the squalid conditions and distressing experiences which had a permanent effect on the soldiers of the 1st world war. He addresses the subject with absolute honesty and frankness as a soldier himself, which brings out the stark contrast of the reality of war to the propaganda which enticed young soldiers to fight to begin with; Owens use of language here shows his deep loathing towards war and misleading propaganda. Firstly I will address the idea in the poem that war is irreconcilable and contradictory to the notions displayed by propaganda posters of courage, bravery, honour, glory and patriotism. The first stanza of the poem is heavy with negative connotations- the men are beggars, weak, destitute and dejected, lacking in hope; they are coughing like hags due to living in the trenches- rife with illness, disease, gas attacks and dead bodies. The use of words like haunting, distant, asleep, lame and drunk create a feeling of inevitable doom; knock-kneed, coughing, limped, blood-shod and dropped indicate ill health and disease. The theme of loss is also significant here; many had lost their boots, all blind, deaf even, connoting the loss of sense organs as well as property, the small comfort of simply having boots. Through the sludge the men curse those who were the cause of their suffering, the Germans, war, propaganda. Nevertheless there is still the theme of duty, and/or a small light of hope amongst the disheartened men- Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots// But limped on, blood-shod. Even in shoes full of blood, the men march on, partly because they have to and they have been ordered to, partly because they have to protect themselves, but mainly towards that distant rest. This portrayal of dedication (to family, cause, life) is in contrast to the positive connotations of bravery or glory. There is nothing positive about the mens desire to push on, only desperation. This is heightened by the fact that this poem was written in 1917, 3 years after they were promised the war would end by Christmas 1914. The second stanza could be likened to wakening from a dream- the men are drunk with fatigue when a small but urgent voice calls Gas! then more urgently, as the danger is fully understood- GAS! following on from this is an avalanche of awkward words like fumbling, clumsy and stumbling which adds to the urgent, staccato feeling of the stanza structure. This feeling of awkwardness augments itself, then becomes relief (just in time) then turns into pity and excruciating empathy for the someone who is drowning under a green sea, as he is yelling out and floundring like a fish, wrenching at the emotions of the reader; and, it seems, of Owen himself. In the 3rd and shortest stanza, Owen seems to be saying to the reader that the things he had seen were so horrific that he wished he were blind himself. He does this by saying that his sight is helpless, that in his dreams, (one would imagine a sanctuary) even in his dreams he is haunted by the man he saw die as he plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. The end of this stanza is so abrupt as to have a painful effect on the reader, as if this description is a flashback of Owens that he cannot stop his helpless subconscious mind from re-enacting in his dreams. The last stanza is really Owen addressing the reader directly, having described to them the graphic things he had encountered. How there were so many dead that they flung them in the wagon, how his dreams were so terrifying that they smothered him and how horribly he had to watch his friends die, gargling blood. He informs the reader that if they had seen what he had seen, they would not tell with such high zest// To children ardent for some desperate glory,// The old Lie; Dulce et Decorem est//Pro patria mori. That you, My friend, the reader, would not dream of speaking of the war with ardour, if to create a utopian fantasy for ones children; if at all. The fact that Owen capitalises the L in Lie along with the ending of the poem with the religiously indicative Latin phrase shows his sarcastic bitterness clearly- he wants the reader to empathise and feel as he feels when he thinks of how he was lied to about a place worse than hell, and even worse, how it was glorified. In conclusion, Owen portrays the horror of war, with an incredibly graphic nature, as at complete odds with popular considerations. He fills the poem with themes of loss, blindness, illness, fatigue, death, blood, uncleanliness and deafness and likens war to a place worse than hell, worse than the reader could even imagine. He displays war as rife with sickening and squalid substance, and the effects it has on the soldiers who survive as incurable, corrupted, horrific, destructive and vile.

The Child?s Hidden Tiger Essay -- essays research papers

The Child’s Hidden Tiger In the short story The Child by Tiger, Thomas Wolfe portrays mans dark side through the unexpected madness of the seemingly good-natured Dick Prosser and the actions taken by the town people. This story is set in an era when people believed race determined the moral character of a person. Many viewed blacks as social outcast and hence the cause of most crimes. This is true to the extent that African Americans were committing a large number of petty crimes, but were they really the cause. Many factors play into determining a cause, and in this case it is quite evident that the social conditions in which African Americans were forced to live in contributed to there social behavior. However, can these pressures push a man to mental madness and drive him towards mass murder? It is not just to say that he is without fault, but it is true to say that, the coldness of one man will decrease the warmth of another. The story gives us a glimpse of Dick’s life a short period before the cl imax. We are left to probe clues and use our imagination and intuition to come to a personal conclusion of why Dick committed mass murder. The time in which the story takes place was a period of severe racial discrimination especially toward Blacks. The most prevalent attitude toward African Americans was that they were somehow inferior to the whites. This is evident by the referral of Dick as the â€Å"Shepperton’s Negro man† (Wolfe 24). â€Å"Mr. Shepperton himself Arellano 2 declared ... The Child?s Hidden Tiger Essay -- essays research papers The Child’s Hidden Tiger In the short story The Child by Tiger, Thomas Wolfe portrays mans dark side through the unexpected madness of the seemingly good-natured Dick Prosser and the actions taken by the town people. This story is set in an era when people believed race determined the moral character of a person. Many viewed blacks as social outcast and hence the cause of most crimes. This is true to the extent that African Americans were committing a large number of petty crimes, but were they really the cause. Many factors play into determining a cause, and in this case it is quite evident that the social conditions in which African Americans were forced to live in contributed to there social behavior. However, can these pressures push a man to mental madness and drive him towards mass murder? It is not just to say that he is without fault, but it is true to say that, the coldness of one man will decrease the warmth of another. The story gives us a glimpse of Dick’s life a short period before the cl imax. We are left to probe clues and use our imagination and intuition to come to a personal conclusion of why Dick committed mass murder. The time in which the story takes place was a period of severe racial discrimination especially toward Blacks. The most prevalent attitude toward African Americans was that they were somehow inferior to the whites. This is evident by the referral of Dick as the â€Å"Shepperton’s Negro man† (Wolfe 24). â€Å"Mr. Shepperton himself Arellano 2 declared ...

The Godfather: An American Dream Story Essay -- Film Movies

The Godfather: An American Dream Story The Godfather is the â€Å"dark-side of the American dream story† (Turan, pp2). The film follows the practices of a fictional Italian mafia family, the Corleone’s. Though most Americans do not condone the practices of the Italian mafia, they cannot deny that Francis Ford Coppola’s The Godfather is a cinematic masterpiece. This film gave insight to a mysterious way of life that the average person does not have knowledge of. As the audience is educated about the mafia they also are introduced to many stereotypes. Many of the film’s important scenes begin with one key character, Don Vito Corleone and the word â€Å"Godfather†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The setting is very dark as the film opens and a man is asking for the Godfather’s help. Though the Don is not happy about the request he grants it, letting the man know that when the time comes he will have to do him a service as well. As the movie continues the audience is shown that it is a very special day; it is Connie Corleone, the Godfather’s daughter’s wedding day. This is an important factor in understanding why Corleone has granted this request, because of the tradition that â€Å"no Sicilian can refuse anyone’s request on his daughter’s wedding day.† With this line comes the insight that the family and the culture find old world tradition very important. Throughout the movie several people come to Vito Corleone asking for favors and services to be rendered. As the Godfather is commissioning work his daughter’s wedding continues on outside the house. This scene is extremely important to the movie, explaining the family’s background and also the group’s cultural background. Throughout this scene they introduce the audience to all of the characters ... ... educated the average person. The Mafia, as depicted by the Corleone family, is very close knit; those that are not even actual family members are still considered part of the â€Å"family.† This movie can be watched repeatedly and each time is as enjoyable as the first. It is a cultural eye opener and lead to two sequels and several other media items, such as today’s television drama The Soprano’s. Though the world does not condone what this lifestyle is about it will always be interested, and somewhat glorify the traditions and lifestyle of something so secretive and just plain bad. Works Cited Turan, Kenneth. â€Å"Tale of The Godfather is Epic in Itself.† Los Angeles Times 21 Mar. 1997. http://www.filmsite.org/godf.html http://www.mobposters.com/godfather.shtml

Internet’s Adverse Effects on Teenagers Essay

Adverse Effects of Internet on Teenagers: Introduction: The use of internet has grown tremendously among the teenagers over the last few decades. This has largely been caused by a variety of reasons such as education and the need for entertainment. The internet provides a variety of free information and resources that can either build or destroy the life of a teenager. As a result, many teenagers have ended destroyed morally and psychologically due to excessive use of the internet for the wrong reasons. As a matter of fact, research shows that many teenagers get excessively addicted to the internet from the first time they gain access information in the web (Kraut ; Kiesler, 49-74). The growing and excessive use of the internet among the teenagers has also largely been influenced by the affordability and availability of internet both at school and home. This continued use of internet by the teenagers has tremendously affected the teenagers adversely with time. To be precise, most teenagers who have excessively use internet have continued to have problems academically, socially and even morally. Background Information: Research indicates that in every ten teenagers, nine are regular internet users. According to statistics, 87% of the teenagers in the Western World aged between 12 and 17 are regular users of the internet. 51% of these teenagers visit the internet on regular basis. This actually represents about 21 million teenagers who visit the internet. It has also been found that 81% of the teenage internet users basically use the internet for playing video games. This percentage represents about 17 million teenagers (McKenna ; Green, 9-31). The figures above are a direct indication that there is an overwhelming increase in the number of teenagers accessing the internet over the last few years. This information implies that most teenagers are therefore openly vulnerable to some of the evil practices that go on over the internet. As a result, the society has continued to bring up teenagers who are morally corrupt. Refutation: It is important to note at this point that most teenagers are quickly getting addicted to internet use. Most teenagers get addicted to the internet because of the following reasons: First, most teenagers believe that the internet is the best source of entertainment. There are many internet sites that provide free games of that the teenagers can play. Most teenagers therefore visit these sites and spend quite a lot of time playing those games. The teenagers find fulfillment in these games and therefore dedicate much time to play such games. The addiction to internet games by the teenagers has largely been encouraged by lack of enough co-curriculum activities in the schools in the current society. With the current globalization, most schools tend to focus more on impartation of academic knowledge to the teenagers paying less attention to other extra-curriculum activities that are important for the mental development of the teenagers. This has therefore left the teenagers seeking for alternate sources of entertainment which they easily find over the internet. These teenagers have therefore grown to believe that the internet is the best source of entertainment. This is absolutely wrong since the internet games ideally promote the culture of selfishness because it gives the teenager a chance to find solace and fulfillment in the machine. This makes the teenagers to become selfish even as they grow up. Secondly, most teenagers believe that the internet is the best source of informant for academic research. Whenever the teenagers are given class assignments to do, the first research source they run to is the internet. This is because they believe that the internet provides accurate and ready information that can help them to quickly complete their assignments. As a result, many teenagers have been become so addicted to the internet for academic purposes. However, the teenagers need to understand that taking academic materials and reproducing information from the internet can often to academic frauds like plagiarism. The teenagers therefore need to be careful in conducting their research over the internet due to the crime risks they expose themselves to. As a matter of fact, the teenagers need to seek alternate sources of information such as books, journal articles and newspaper articles in conducting their research. This will help them to get information that they fully trust because it is easy to verify the sources of information from books and journal articles. Lastly, most teenagers believe that the internet is the best form of communication. This is because of the various technologies for communication that are actually provided over the internet. Most teenagers tend to lack cellular phones for communication. This gives them the option of communication technologies such as email and chat sessions in different applications over the internet. Through such technologies the teenagers get a chance to effectively communicate with their friends. This has made them believe that the internet is the best source of information since they can easily share their issues with friends over the internet. This is however wrong and should be discouraged. Proper socialization can only be healthy through physically contacting someone. Electronic communication through the internet reduces the relational skills of the teenagers and therefore makes them vulnerable to becoming irresponsible and selfish adults when they grow up. It is important to have good social skills which can only be enhanced through physical relationship (Lee ; Kuo, 7) Supporting Arguments: Internet use has adverse effects on the teenagers because of the following reasons: Internet expose the teenagers to Internet Crimes against Children. The internet is one of the platforms through which predators tend to find teenagers and grooming them for criminal activities such as the production and distribution of children pornography, stalking and contacting the teenagers for sexual acts engagement and even exploitation through sexual tourism. Most of the criminals tend to look at teenagers as perfect targets for achieving their criminal motives. This is mainly because most teenagers tend to be naive, trusting, adventurers, curious and seeking attention as well as affection. This, therefore, makes the teenager so vulnerable to being victims of such kind of criminal acts over the internet. In addition, the criminal acts could turn the teenagers into criminals too especially when there are monetary benefits attached to it. Secondly, the internet has the ability to corrupt the good morals of the teenagers. The internet provides quite a lot of free information and services that have the capacity of corrupting the good morals of teenagers. Illicit and immoral information such as pornography can easily become objects of admiration of teenagers over the internet. It is important to note that most teenagers tend to be at the peek of adolescence whereby they enjoy all manner of new things and are very curious to adventure into things. Due to peer pressure and pressure from their physical bodies, the teenagers are most likely to get addicted internet pornography. Accessing such illicit and immoral information can therefore corrupt their innocent minds. This information is dangerous because it can easily transform them into criminals such as rapists. Anytime the teenagers access the illicit information over the internet, they tend to develop the desire to practice what they read and watch over the internet. As a result, such kinds of teenagers end up not concentrating in their academic work and so scoring poor grades in school. Some also drop out school as they turn out to be frequent law offenders (Handbook of child psychology, 1-101).

Business Process Re

Business Process Re Introduction Business process re-engineering is a recent management tool which aims at improving organisations current operational strategies. It aims at modernisation of business processes to attain high efficiency for a competitive advantage (Jack, 2001). It reconstructs different organisation processes; the expected results include cost efficiency, improved customer service and improvement in production speed.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Business Process Re-Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally the process has three major steps; determine the status quo, identify the areas to change and change implementation; however each step has two stages (Naitove, 2010). This paper discusses the steps in business re-engineering process (BRP). Step 1: Determination of the status quo Develop business vision, mission and business objectives BRP does not aim at marginal improvement in a single area but ta rget the entire business; it aims to look into all processes for an overall gain to the organisation. With this in mind, the start point of the process is aligning all business processes with the new system. The direction of a business is shaped by its mission, vision and corporate objectives. In this stage, mission, vision and objectives of the company are defined again. The definition result after interpolating what has the business being able to attain and its potential level. Set mission, vision and objectives should be attainable (Huang, 2010). The following factors are considered; What is the vision of the organisation? Has the vision being attained? If not to what extent has the company failed? Is the vision still relevant to the new business environment that the business is operating in? What areas lead to failure? What is the mission of the organisation? Is the vision met using the current set methods and strategies? If not why? Does the business have enough potential to f ulfil the set mission? Review the objectives which the company aims to undertake? How often are the objectives met? If not always why they are not met? Is there an established trend in business performance? This looks into areas which have failed the organisation in the past. After understanding the current position in the business, then an attainable vision, mission and objectives are defined. If the previous ones are still relevant and attainable, they can be retained but care taken to improve processes which has in early cases affected their attainment (Wheelen $ Hunger, 1999). Understanding and measuring existing processes For the attainment of business objectives and attainment of goals, a business undergoes through a number of processes. Before making a move to implement a BPR, an in-depth analysis of processes in the company is necessary. The main reason for this move is to ensure that the business learns from previous mistakes. Those activities which have lead to ineffici ency in the past are documented and measures taken to ensure that they will not be repeated. For example if in the past a business was not able to attain its objectives because of inefficient logistics supply’s, where they have gotten sub-standard goods, this area is addressed independently. Note are taken on the past experience (Williams, 2001).Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The level of efficiency of current system is measured. The expected level is also measure and the deficit that the current system has is calculated. The guiding questions in this stage are Does the current business processes have potential to attain expected results? Which areas have let the attainment down in the past? What are the identified root causes of deficiency in the company? This stage is focuses more on utilising past experiences in making sound decisions in the futu re. Management information storage tools like business intelligence tools are utilised to ensure that there is quality information. Considering experiences of other businesses in the same industry is important, however care should be taken to ensure that external data is well vetted for relevance and integrity (Chao-Hsiung, Shaio, Barnes Li, 2010). Step 2: identifying the area to change Identification of business processes to be redefined After having a deep understanding of general performance of the business; this is after an analysis in step 1, the next step is defining the exact areas, strategies and functions which need to be redesigned. They are the areas which hinders attainment of business vision, mission and objectives (Anon, 1994). The process is procedural where management can use a high impact processes, exhaustive approach or six sigma approach. When using a high impact process approach, the management aims at identifying those processes which has a high negative effec t to the attainment of business goals. After the processes have been recognised, they are then addressed. This approach is more common to large business which taking an entire analysis of all micro process may take along of time. After the initial processes affecting the attainment of goals have been determined, the next processes in line are identified until the process with the most minimal effect is addressed (Romney, 1994). When using an exhaustive approach, which is common to small scale businesses, the entire business processes are analysed and those areas which lead to a deficit in the organisation are recognised. Problem in the identified area is identified and alternatives to solve it formulated.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Business Process Re-Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These area may be supply’s, operation costs management, logistics, human resources or quality of fixed as sets among others (Adam VandeWater, 1995). The third approach maybe a six sigma approach. This is a method that aims at detecting defects in organisational processes. It aims at analysing individual processes are identifying the area that is not effectively and efficiently producing results. The approach is a continuous one and assumes that if one process affects the attainment of anthers objectives. Six sigma approaches ensures that the root cause of a problem has been established and rectified. It a systematically, gradual, and efficient process which yields satisfactory results when applied to either small or large businesses; taking an internal and external analysis of a business is important and part of six sigma. Internal and external processes involve analysing (S.W.O.T. analysis) that the company is operating under. Taking P.E.S.T.L.E. (political, Environmental, social, Technological, legal and Ecological) analysis is another approach to analyse a business. Internal and ext ernal audits assist a company to have a clearer picture of it and developing of operational mechanisms will be facilitated (OConnor, 1989). Identify IT levers BRP utilises information generated internally and sometimes information from an external source. To have an effective system, the way information is documented and analysed is of great importance. After a re-engineering, the focus should be on the customer; he should be the end beneficially of the process although it is done inside a company (Haberbeg Rieple, 2001). Efficient information management systems and tools are identified; and cross functional systems indentified. Other than the gathered information, systems of feedback and responses should be identified (Goold Campbell, 2002). Stage 3: change implementation Build strategies to implement the desired changes With information on the areas that need to be redesigned, strategies to implement the redesign are developed. The level involves aligning all processes with the new adopted system; if there is need to buy some assets, train staff or employ staff it is done at this stage.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All tools to implementation (both human and physical resources) are put in place. Although strategies are made for the general attainment of goals, objectives, mission and vision, they are sometimes seen as independent but collaborate with each other (Esquerre, 2005). These strategies address the areas which had a deficit these strategies include; Supply management chain These are strategies implemented to ensure that the company gets quality raw materials, in the right time at an appropriate cost. When implementing this system, there must be collaboration with all departments as they will advice logistics and procurement department of the quality and quantity they require at a certain time. It involves, forward logistics, backwards logistics, and reverse logistics. Good relation is developed with suppliers to have just in time supplies (Kotter Schlesinger, 2008). Value determination This having is a set level of value that is required for raw materials and final products; mechanis ms to determine value in a business are put in place. Monitoring of value starts from raw material value determination, to ensure quality materials are delivered in the company. At the same time output quality and quantity from each stage are determined. In case there is a deficit, the problem should be addressed immediately. To determine whether quality assured is attained, it should not be the internal standard only but customer’s expectation and competitor’s value level are of essence. Value comes with a price; a company’s pricing strategy should meet organizational goals without hurting consumers; there should be a mutual benefit and satisfaction (Porter, 1985) Customer service Mechanisms to get feedback and respond to customer issues are developed. This may take the form of call centre or other feedback mechanisms. This acts as another source of information to the company for future improvements. Existing customers are a pool of assets to a company and they can give information relevant to the improvement of various processes. Marketing and selling strategies are addressed and skewed toward a customer based approach (Fred, 2008). Total Quality Management and strategic Quality management After individual processes have been designed to align with business new goals and objectives, the result should be a total quality management where there is interrelation among departments. There should be mechanisms set to ensure that there is a smooth flow of processes (Champy, 1995). For example a target approach work well where a certain department say packaging is given a certain target to attain say 700 packages in an hour. In case this is not attained, a focus on such department may point out a deficit in the production department if it’s not feeding the department effectively. This will assist is establishing the root causes of a defects and addressing them accordingly; instead of addressing symptoms (Collis Rukstad, 2008). Monitoring, support and control After all mechanisms are set in place, the output from the system should be interpolated and the new system evaluated. Monitoring involves enforcing the system as the new mechanisms of processes (Gurvis, 2007). The stage involves changing organisational behaviours and culture to support the system and give feedback on areas that need further improvement. Staff training, appraisals and participation is embraced to ensure that there is a total support of the system from all corners. Mentoring involves integrating different processes/department for the general attainment of organisational goals and objectives. In appraisal of employees; management should follow scientific methods like balance score card (Swamson, 2009). Motivational measures should also be put in place; this is where employees are motivated to support the new system. They are facilitated to point out areas which require improvement. Identification of key performance parameters/indicator is another supporting strategy; the indicators assist in evaluating the level of efficiency that the new system has attained. BPR should follow a six sigma process and a Kaizen management tools; where the earlier involves in continuous detection of defects areas and the later is concerned with continuous quality improvement through people (Camillus, 2008). Conclusion BPR involves redesigning business process to attain a higher efficiency in an organisational for competitive advantage. BPR is a process aimed at improving current operational systems and developing strategies for the better processes in an organisation. It involves taking strategies like total quality management, six sigma approach, supply chain management system and developing an effective human resource team. It involves the following steps; determine the status quo, identify the areas to change and change implementation; however each step has two stages which are developing business vision, mission and business objectives, Und erstanding and measuring existing processes, Identification of business processes to be redefined, Building strategies to implement the desired changes, Monitoring, support and control respectively. Bibliography Adam, P. and VandeWater, R. 1995. Benchmarking and the bottom-line: translating business reengineering into bottom-line results, Industrial Engineering, Vol. 3, February, p. 24. Anon. 1994. Re-engineering Europe. Economist, 330(7852), 63. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Camillus, J.C. 2008. Strategy as a wicked problem. Harvard Business Review. 86(5), 98-106 Champy, J. 1995. Reengineering Management, Harper Business Books, New York. Chao-Hsiung, L., Shaio Yan, H., Barnes, F., Li, K. 2010. Business performance and customer relationship management: The effect of IT, organisational contingency and business process on Taiwanese manufacturers. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 21(1), 43-65. doi:10.1080/14783360903492595. Collis, D.J and Rukstad, M.G. 200 8. Can you say what your strategy is?† Havard Business Review,86(4), 82-90 Esquerre, B. 2005. Have You Done Your S.W.O.T Today? Fitness Business Pro, 21(12), 24. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. Fred, D. 2008. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. New Jersey: Pearson Education Goold, M. and Campbell, A. 2002. Do you have a well-designed organization? Harvard Business Review. 80(3). 117-124 Gurvis, S. 2007. Management Basics: A Practical Guide for Managers. London: Adams Media. Haberbeg, A and Rieple, A. 2001.The Strategic Management of Organisations. Prentice Hall, London. Huang, W. 2010. Business process rules management: Challenges and solutions. Ph.D. dissertation, Stevens Institute of Technology, United States New Jersey. Retrieved from Dissertations Theses: Full Text.(Publication No. AAT 3269204). Jack, E.2001. Management Communication: the threat of group thinks.Corporate communications. International Journal , 183-192. Kotter, J.P and Schlesinger, L.A. 2008. Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business Review, 80(30), 117-124 Naitove, M. 2010. Refine, Redesign, Retool: Re-engineering as a Business Model. Plastics Technology, 56(6), 28. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. OConnor, P.1989. Total Quality Management (Book). Quality Reliability Engineering International [serial online].; 5(2):183. Porter, M.E. 1985 competitive advantage. New york:The Free Press. Romney, M. 1994. Business process re-engineering. CPA Journal, 69(10), 30. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Swamson, R. 2009. Foundations of Human Resource Development: Easy read Large Edition. San Francisco: ReadHowYouWant.com Wheelen, L., $ Hunger, J.1999. Strategic Management and Business Policy: Entering 21st Century Global Society. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Williams, S. 2001. Making better business decisions: understanding and improving critical thinking and problem-solving skills London: Sage.

Judith Sargent Murray, Early Feminist and Writer

Judith Sargent Murray, Early Feminist and Writer Judith Sargent Murray (May 1, 1751–July 6, 1820) was an early American feminist who wrote essays on  political, social, and religious themes. She was also a gifted poet and dramatist, and her letters, some recently discovered, give insight into her life during and after the American Revolution.  She is especially known for her essays about the American Revolution under the pseudonym The Gleaner and for her feminist essay, On the Equality of the Sexes.   Fast Facts: Judith Sargent Murray Known For: Early feminist essayist, poet, novelist, and dramatistBorn: May 1, 1751 in Gloucester, MassachusettsParents: Winthrop Sargent and Judith SaundersDied: July 6, 1820 in Natchez, MississippiEducation: Tutored at homePublished Works: On the Equality of the Sexes, Sketch of the Present Situation in America, Story of Margaretta, Virtue Triumphant, and The Traveller ReturnedSpouse(s): Captain John Stevens (m. 1769–1786); Rev. John Murray (m. 1788–1809).Children: With John Murray: George (1789) who died as an infant, and a daughter, Julia Maria Murray (1791–1822) Early Life Judith Sargent Murray was born Judith Sargent on May 1, 1751, in Gloucester, Massachusetts, to shipowner and merchant Captain Winthrop Sargent (1727–1793) and his wife Judith Saunders (1731–1793). She was the oldest of the eight Sargent children. At first, Judith was educated at home and learned basic reading and writing. Her brother Winthrop, who was intended to go to Harvard, received a more advanced education at home, but when their parents recognized Judiths exceptional abilities she was allowed to share Winthrops training in classical Greek and Latin. Winthrop went did go on to Harvard, and Judith later noted that she, being female, had no such possibilities. Her first marriage, on October 3, 1769, was to Captain John Stevens, a well-to-do sea captain and trader. They had no children but adopted two of her husbands nieces and one of her own, Polly Odell. Universalism In the 1770s, Judith Stevens turned away from the Calvinism of the Congregational church she was raised in and became involved in Universalism. Calvinists said that only believers could be saved, and nonbelievers were doomed. In contrast, Universalists believed that all human beings could be saved and all people were equal. The movement was brought to Massachusetts by Rev. John Murray, who arrived in Gloucester in 1774, and Judith and her families the Sargents and the Stevens converted to Universalism. Judith Sargent Stevens and John Murray began a long correspondence and respectful friendship: in this she defied custom, which suggested it was suspect for a married woman to correspond with a man who was unrelated to her. By 1775, the Stevens family had fallen into serious  financial difficulties when the American Revolution interfered with shipping and trade, difficulties that may have been heightened by Stevens mismanagement of finances. To help out, Judith began writing; her first poems were written in 1775. Judiths first essay was Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, Especially in Female Bosoms, which was published in 1784 under the pseudonym Constancia in the Boston periodical, Gentleman and Ladys Town and Country Magazine.  In 1786, Captain Stevens, to avoid debtors prison and in hopes of turning his finances around, sailed to the West Indies, but he died there in 1786. After the death of Captain Stevens, the friendship between John Murray and Judith Stevens blossomed into courtship, and on October 6, 1788, they married.   Travel and a Widening Sphere Judith Sargent Murray accompanied her new husband on many of his preaching tours, and they counted among acquaintances and friends many early leaders of the United States, including John and Abigail Adams, Benjamin Franklins family, and Martha Custis Washington, with whom they sometimes stayed. Her letters describing these visits and her correspondence with friends and relatives are invaluable in understanding the daily life in the federal period of American history. Throughout this period, Judith Sargent Murray wrote poetry, essays, and drama: some biographers suggest the loss of her son in 1790 and her own survival of what would be called postpartum depression today spurred a burst of creativity. Her essay, On the Equality of the Sexes, written in 1779, was finally published in 1790. The essay challenges the prevailing theory that men and women are not intellectually equal, and among all of her writings, that essay established her as an early feminist theorist. She added a letter including her interpretation of the biblical Adam and Eve story, insisting that Eve was equal, if not superior, to Adam. Her daughter, Julia Maria Murray, was born in 1791. Essays and Drama In February, 1792, Murray began a series of essays for the Massachusetts Magazine titled The Gleaner (also her pseudonym), which focused on the politics of the new nation of America as well as religious and moral themes, including womens equality.  One of her common early topics was the importance of educating female children- Julia Maria was 6 months old when her mother began her column. Her novel, The Story of Margaretta, was written in a series among The Gleaner essays. It is the tale of a young woman who falls prey to a sinister lover and rejects him, and she is portrayed not as a fallen woman but rather as an intelligent heroine who is capable of forging an independent life for herself. The Murrays moved from Gloucester to Boston in 1793, where together they founded a Universalist congregation. Several of her writings reveal her role in shaping the tenets of Universalism, which was the first American religion to ordain women. Murray wrote drama first in response to a call for original work by American writers (also directed to her husband, John Murray), and though her plays did not find critical acclaim, they did achieve some popular success. Her first play was The Medium: or Virtue Triumphant, and it opened and quickly closed on the Boston stage. It was, however, the first play dramatized there by an American author. In 1798, Murray published a collection of her writings in three volumes as The Gleaner. She thereby became the first American woman to self-publish a book.  The books were sold on subscription, to help support the family.  John Adams and George Washington were among the subscribers.  In 1802 she helped to found a school for girls in Dorchester. Later Life and Death John Murray, whose health had been frail for some time, had a stroke in 1809 that paralyzed him for the rest of his life.  In 1812, her daughter Julia Maria married a wealthy Mississippian named Adam Louis Bingaman, whose family had contributed somewhat to his education while he lived with Judith and John Murray. By 1812, the Murrays were experiencing painful financial issues. Judith Murray edited and published John Murrays letters and sermons that same year, as Letters and Sketches of Sermons. John Murray died in 1815, and in 1816, Judith Sargent Murray published his autobiography, Records of the Life of the Rev. John Murray. In her last years, Judith Sargent Murray continued her correspondence with her family and friends; her daughter and husband supported her financially in her later life, and she moved to their home in Natchez, Mississippi in 1816. Judith Sargent Murray died on July 6, 1820, in Natchez at the age of 69. Legacy Judith Sargent Murray was largely forgotten as a writer until late in the 20th century. Alice Rossi resurrected On the Equality of the Sexes for a collection called The Feminist Papers  in 1974, bringing it to wider attention. In 1984, Unitarian Universalist minister, Gordon Gibson, found Judith Sargent Murrays letter books in Natchez, Mississippi- books into which she kept copies of her letters. (They are now in the Mississippi Archives.) She is the only woman from that period of time for whom we have such letter books, and these copies have allowed scholars to discover much about not only Judith Sargent Murrays life and ideas, but also about daily life in the time of the American Revolution and early Republic. In 1996, Bonnie Hurd Smith founded the Judith Sargent Murray Society to promote Judiths life and work. Smith provided useful suggestions for details in this profile, which also drew on other resources about Judith Sargent Murray. Sources Field, Vena Bernadette. Constantia: A Study of the Life and Works of Judith Sargent Murray, 1751-1920. Orono: University of Maine Studies, 2012.Harris, Sharon M., ed. Selected Writings of Judith Sargent Murray. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.Murray, Judith Sargent [as Constancia]. The Gleaner: A Miscellaneous Production, Volumes 1–3. Boston: J. Thomas and E.T. Andrews, 1798.Rossi, Alice S., ed. The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1973.Smith, Bonnie Hurd. Judith Sargent Murray and the Emergence of an American Womens Literary Traditions. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Researcher Guide, 2018.Kritzer, Amelia Howe. â€Å"Playing with Republican Motherhood: Self-Representation in Plays by Susanna Haswell Rowson and Judith Sargent Murray.† Early American Literature 31.2, 1996. 150–166.  Ã‚  Skemp, Sheila L. First Lady of Letters: Judith Sargent Murray and the Struggle for Female Independence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

Clinton and The Bill essays

Clinton and The Bill essays In 1993 William Clinton was fast at work trying to pull together legislation on National Service. National Service was a cornerstone of his campaign and he was determined to stick to his word and make it a priority. Clinton gathered a committee and tasked them to make National Service happen The Office of National Service headed by Eli Segal had a long road to travel. As Clinton promised in his campaign, he wanted to provide the financial opportunity to attend college to a broad range of young Americans in exchange for National Service. Along with the National Service legislation Clinton wanted to include a pay-as-you-can loan program that would encourage graduates to enter lower paying jobs such as teachers and police officers, which are more fulfilling and give back to the community and nation. From there the Office of National Service was off to build the framework for the legislation. They began analyzing the current system, and surveying local programs and organizations to see what would work, and how exactly Clintons campaign promise might actually become a viable piece of legislation that might make it through the congressional circus, not to mention the scrutiny of the private sector. After months of constant finagling, changing, assessing, tweaking, overhauling, appeasing and reassessing of the National Service legislation, the Office of National Service was convinced that it was ready to put in the hands of the public and Congress. On April 30th the plan was unveiled. That was when the real legislative process began. The National Service proposal was out in the open for all to see and the Office of National Service had to win over enough support to get the legislation through Congress. Winning over a few senators doesnt sound like a large task, but when it comes down to it party lines run deep and so do the affiliations with financial supporters and other supportive institutions. In short, in order to win ov...

Behaviors leading to insomnia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behaviors leading to insomnia - Essay Example Other symptoms that manifest because of this condition are waking up too early and suffering from fatigue upon waking up (Morin et. al., 2011). Insomnia often manifests itself as either primary insomnia or secondary insomnia. Primary insomnia refers to sleeplessness that is not caused by any underlying condition while secondary insomnia is caused by an underlying medical condition (Buysse, 2013). The various medical conditions that can cause insomnia include asthma, arthritis, cancer, pain or medication being ingested by a person (Jarin, Chen, Ivers & Morin, 2013). This condition also manifests in self, depending on its duration, as either acute or chronic. Acute insomnia lasts a shorter time, a few weeks, while chronic insomnia lasts longer. There are varied effects that arise because of insomnia. Most of the effects of insomnia affect the quality of life and performance of daily tasks (Sasa et. al., 2010). In rare cases, insomnia results in death and this type of insomnia is referred to as fatal familial insomnia. First, insomnia decreases the quality of life in the form of lack of alertness and poor memory during the day (Sasa et. al., 2010). People who suffer from insomnia are more irritable, make more mistakes and develop poor relationships with their colleagues and spouses (Calhoun et. al., 2014). Insomnia further affects the concentration and performance of the brain. Those who suffer from this condition often suffer from mental health conditions such as nervousness, irritability and fatigue (Watts, Coyle & East, 2011). The lack of sleep affects the concentration span and focus. The brain requires several hours of sleep for it to achieve optimum concentration to perform tasks. Insomnia compromises the brain’s ability to process information. The effects of insomnia are numerous and influence the lives of people significantly (Morin et.

Health and Safety Practices Plan (Part Six) Health and Safety Research Paper

Health and Safety Practices Plan (Part Six) Health and Safety Monitoring and Final Summary - Research Paper Example It also delivers digital applications such as iPhones, Mac, Apple TV and a portfolio of clients and specialized software applications and does its marketing and selling through online retail stores, direct line stores and direct sales force globally. The involvement of human labor in all the stages necessitates that the company adopts a well-designed safety and health plan targeting improved working conditions for the employees (Karen, 200). Discussion The organization has adopted in the past professional external auditors as well as internal auditors to analyze the capacity of the company to provide safe and healthy environment to workers. Professionalism has been the basis on which the auditors are evaluated on before they are contracted in order to ensure that they deliver on the expected results in order to have the organization improve through the strategic recommendations that are given. Among other findings by the teams in the past has been the non compliance in wearing protec tive gears while working, insufficient installation of fire detection and management kits within the premises as well as poor structural designs which limit exit paths in such times of emergencies like fire outbreaks. The working environment of the apple Inc exposes the workers to various health hazards, which include increased exposure to harmful gases such as n-hexane commonly used to clean appliances’ screens, which have often led to sicknesses in the past. Other unfortunate features within the working conditions in Apple Inc are violence, stress as well as substance abuse. Nevertheless, it is to be acknowledged that the company has had the burden to improve on the health and safety standards of employees and have organized on safety trainings in the past to raise awareness and empower workers through social responsibility. Besides, team awareness campaigns have been in use in the past to address such issues as drug use, stress as well as violence at workplace. Although th e mitigation strategies adopted in the past have not been fully effective, this paper adopts such forms to be the basis of many of our recommendations. This is because with only some improvements, the strategies would be very effective and efficient in mitigating the concerns. Besides, the design and adoption of favorable emergency response plans are quite commendable efforts because they have the capacity to revolutionize the working of the organization greatly. The safety and response plans that have been discussed above are very basic tools for any organization and thus should be embraced and harnessed (Anonymous, 1996). They are basic tools, which show the ethical compliance of any company as it explains responsiveness to regulations within an organization, prevention mechanisms on injuries and illnesses, emergency plans as well as social responsibility. Besides ethics dictate that companies take up the role of investigating non compliance with such predefined tools by workers a nd the subsequent adoption of appropriate measures in order to ensure that the standards of compliant employees is guaranteed. Ethics are fundamental in management of any business entity as well as such companies as the Apple Inc. Based on the previously discussed safety, illness and response plans, the company has the ethical responsibilities to ensure that regulations and procedures are adhered to. This is not

Professional Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional Perspectives - Essay Example The main objective of co-educators is to ensure that a group heterogeneous student understands instructions effectively (Perez, 2012). Contrariwise, co-educators differences results to lack of collegial interactions of strategies, which leads to a poor instructional program. Philosophy Statement on Co-Teaching It is hard for co-educators to meet diversified students’ needs with differing professional perspectives, which negatively affect professional interactions in the development of effective strategies to ensure that all student needs are satisfied including those with disabilities. A colleague with a different perspective from mine will be of more disadvantages than advantages in terms of collegial support towards meeting student needs and formulation of effective strategies. I am profound on the professional interactions as well as my co-educator’s characteristics and needs. The concepts of an effective exchange of plans and consultation in implementing a curriculu m that gratifies all student needs are central to my philosophy of co-teaching. Collegial support that offers a different input towards my plans demonstrates the absence of diversity based teamwork towards a long lasting co-teaching (Specialconnections.ku.edu, n.d.). I believe that co-teaching has to involve a number of co-teachings activities such as exploring skills that educators require to collaborate successfully. However, in a case whereby my co-educator differs with every slight perception I have towards a learning environment, it is challenging to implement co-planning in a classroom. I love learning new things, and it would be god of my o-educator to equip me with new instructional techniques. Nonetheless, my co-educator has to assimilate my perspectives and together develop strategies towards effective co-teaching opposed to a situation where none of our professional perspective is common. I believe that adaptability, dedication, collaboration, and positive collegial suppo rt are the key aspects towards effective consultations on issues affecting students because of diversity rather than focusing on the differences that may exist between my co-educator and me. Different professional perspectives should be utilized as a tool of every co-educator self-reflection to realize his/her weakness and strengths concerning the ability to work as teamwork (Perez, 2012). The success of an inclusive classroom depends on the parity portrayed by the partnership of both educators, which must show the presence of a teaching practice based on effective collaboration and support. Viewpoint Description on Co-Teaching The most important aspect for effective consultations in handling students’ needs in co-teaching is the partnership between two co-educators. Each co-educator perspective on co-teaching is a complicated set of actions and intentions with unique criteria for evaluating strategies that are right and wrong. Our roles and the idealized self-image as co-edu cators are determined professional perspectives. Moreover, perspectives provide the basis to which co-educators can reflect on the co-teaching practice (Beninghof, 2012). The moment I consult with a co-educator who believes as I do, an immediacy of communication is established as well as the feeling of being understood. However, a colleague that believes in a truly different way from mine evokes a

English essay for Junior College Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English for Junior College - Essay Example When it came to my parents, the older I became, the more they were fading from me, until all I could see were the last few moments spent with them by the river. The rest blended together like the ingredients in a too-long-simmered stew: reveries and dreams, wishes, fantasies. Is that what it would also come to with Sebastian?" (Danticat 245). The author uses dreams to as symbolic in the novel to develop themes such as identity. In most of her dreams and thoughts, Amabelle contemplates the tragedies and traumatic experiences in her past life. Since her life was a nightmare, Amabelle uses her dreams for comfort. On page 310, she says, â€Å"I looked to my dreams for softness, for a gentler embrace, for relief from the fear of mudslides and blood bubbling out of the riverbed, where it is said that the dead add their tears to the river flow.† Therefore, it is only through sleep that she can escape the reality that her life is a nightmare. Danticat uses dreams to remember the past and also to expand on the characters. It is clear from the novel that characters who dream to escape from their realities only end up facing their past particularly in their dreams. Amabelle and Sebastian are examples of such characters. Amabelle mostly dreams of the death of her parents while Sebastian dreams of the death of his father in a hurricane. In her dreams Amabelle recounts her parents deaths, â€Å" I thought that if I relived the moment often enough, the answer would become clear, that they had wanted either for us all to die together or for me to go on living, even if by myself." (Danticat 309). The characters are escaping reality by finding comfort in their dreams. Despite the fact that the characters are still revisiting their dreams, they are trying to move on as people. Moving on allows the characters to grow and develop. Amabelle and Sebastian open to each through dreams. The two use dreams to share their experiences and problems.

Freedom of speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freedom of speech - Essay Example Freedom of speech Freedom of speech is one of the most valued rights of every citizen in the world. The following types of speech are not protected under the First Amendment: those that damage the reputation of another, those that stimulate illegal action, those directed to another person and would inflict injury or a fight and those that are found obscene according to the Miller test. In Miller vs. California, the court gave three points to use on deciding whether something could be described as obscene. These points were applied in the two cases which are the subjects of this paper. Both courts found that the first and second parts of the Miller test were fulfilled. As what had been stated in Skywalker vs. Navarro, Florida laws are very specific on what it considers as obscene. Although this writer agrees with Luke Records that since the judge referred to Florida’s criminal law description as to what is obscene proof beyond reasonable doubt, a requisite in a criminal case, should be presented , the writer also understands the first court’s opinion that the proceeding is not a criminal one and as such aspects of a criminal case is not necessary. The court only needs to review if the material meets Florida laws, as identified in the Miller test. This writer also agrees with the appellate court that the judge’s background in relation to the community referred to in the case is enough to satisfy the first part of the Miller test.... Lastly, as stated earlier, this writer is of the mind that the first court was correct in finding the material, as a whole, lacking of artistic value. True, the music is of hip-hop and rap, two of the most influential and popular kinds of music of the current generation. However, the object of the case in Skywalker vs. Navarro was not the music was a whole but the lyrics or the words in the songs as a whole. As such, â€Å"work, taken as a whole,† as stated in part three of the Miller test should be associated with only the entire lyrics found in As Nasty As They Can Be and not the songs which denotes music combined with lyrics. This writer believes that the appellants knew their album would be tagged as obscene because of the words that can be found there which is why they spent time and money recording and coming out with a â€Å"clean† version and even put a clear warning on the album. The only notable difference between the â€Å"clean† version and the versio n in question were the lyrics, which was really the main focus of the first case. The appellants’ witness who testified about the lyrics claimed that these are examples of musical and literary conventions even. This may be so. Nevertheless, this writer believes that given that because the appellants actually invested on creating a more wholesome version of the album in question, they are only using the First Amendment to protect themselves from further losing on the income they could still get from the album, which had already earned four times more than the album’s cleaner version. Works Cited: Luke Records, Inc. V. Navarro. 960 F. 2d. 134. United States Court of Appeals, 1992. Web. 23 November 2012. Skywalker Records, Inc. v. Navarro. 738

English essay for Junior College Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English for Junior College - Essay Example When it came to my parents, the older I became, the more they were fading from me, until all I could see were the last few moments spent with them by the river. The rest blended together like the ingredients in a too-long-simmered stew: reveries and dreams, wishes, fantasies. Is that what it would also come to with Sebastian?" (Danticat 245). The author uses dreams to as symbolic in the novel to develop themes such as identity. In most of her dreams and thoughts, Amabelle contemplates the tragedies and traumatic experiences in her past life. Since her life was a nightmare, Amabelle uses her dreams for comfort. On page 310, she says, â€Å"I looked to my dreams for softness, for a gentler embrace, for relief from the fear of mudslides and blood bubbling out of the riverbed, where it is said that the dead add their tears to the river flow.† Therefore, it is only through sleep that she can escape the reality that her life is a nightmare. Danticat uses dreams to remember the past and also to expand on the characters. It is clear from the novel that characters who dream to escape from their realities only end up facing their past particularly in their dreams. Amabelle and Sebastian are examples of such characters. Amabelle mostly dreams of the death of her parents while Sebastian dreams of the death of his father in a hurricane. In her dreams Amabelle recounts her parents deaths, â€Å" I thought that if I relived the moment often enough, the answer would become clear, that they had wanted either for us all to die together or for me to go on living, even if by myself." (Danticat 309). The characters are escaping reality by finding comfort in their dreams. Despite the fact that the characters are still revisiting their dreams, they are trying to move on as people. Moving on allows the characters to grow and develop. Amabelle and Sebastian open to each through dreams. The two use dreams to share their experiences and problems.

NASCAR's New Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NASCAR's New Strategy - Case Study Example The lawsuit filed by a shareholder can be detrimental to NASCAR in the long run as it can lead to huge contingent liabilities. Considering the prevalence of bias in favor of the company-owned ISC, there is a small probability that NASCAR will win the case. The new rating system put forward by Brian France is met by hesitation and resistance from the current drivers. This can also probably discourage other players and hurt the company's operations. Brian France also needs to consider these issues in the face of NASCAR's move in opening a new track in New York City. All of the aforementioned considerations will have a great impact on this market development strategy. Brian France has three strategic alternatives to choose from in order for NASCAR to sustain its position in the market: 1. focus on developing strategic alliances with its sponsors and forging new ones by finding new venues where the sponsors are given more exposure; 2. voluntarily divest its shares by selling some of its stock to other shareholders; and 3. finding new markets such as Canada. NASCAR recognizes that sponsors are the lifeblood of the business organization. Without sponsorships, stock car racing events will not be held and funded. Thus, the move in developing tighter strategic alliances with current sponsors will be advantageous. ... However, this will give NASCAR the problem of identifying ways on how added and enhanced exposure could be given. The company can also voluntarily divest its shares in order to ward off threats of other lawsuits because of bias and unfairness. This can also give the business organization new blood and ideas which can be beneficial in the long run. However, divestiture can posts problems especially on the management aspect. Looking for other markets like Canada will give NASCAR and its sponsors new opportunities to promote their products. However, in pursuing this alternative, the company also needs to shell out huge amounts of investments. RECOMMENDATION: This paper recommends that NASCAR pursue the first alternative that is, pursue tighter strategic partnership with its current sponsors through the identification of venues where they get more exposure. The company can do this by setting up online gaming and putting advertisements in its gaming website. NASCAR timed advertisement during games can widen the sponsor's reach and gives them more exposure thus, maximizing their investments.

The GM club Essay Example for Free

The GM club Essay The 21st century has become a world of wonders, a world of scientific and technological miracles. Moreover, a world where human kind strives to solve all of its ills without knowing enough about repercussions. If this dream is to be realized, we as an inter-dependant society, have a moral and ethical duty to make fundamental decisions as to the limits of science and technology in our every day life. Technology is emerging as the ruling power in western societies in the 21st century, and therefore, human kind is finding it more and more difficult to survive without constant aid from new hi-tech advances. Computers and the internet has become mens best friend. Children are growing up with Nintendo and Xbox, and consequently without the wondrous knowledge of playing tag, climbing a tree, playing in the dirt or with little insects. They have no familiarity with a world without television and videogames, a natural world where everything is organic and healthy. As the futurist Alvin Toffler points out in an article in the New Scientist, welcome to the latest installment of that (future) shock: the GM revolution. Gene therapy. Spare-part tissues grown from engineered fetal cells. Organ-donor pigs and their viruses. All these are part of it, but they are the remote part that exists only in the labs and the imaginations of scientists. GM food is different, its already left the labs. 1 In this paper, we will examine and try to clarify different philosophies that are competing to control world food production. In particular, we will mainly focus on the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GM or GMOs) and Organic Farming. Each philosophy has its adherents and its detractors are locked in a boisterous and intransigent battle. This has led to a clouding of issues, making it very difficult for people to develop an informed decision. We believe that the issue at stake is crucial to humanitys existence, since it transcends national and political boundaries. All humans share this planet and ingest its harvest of food, thus, an error in policy can lead to universal catastrophe. As Toffler further points out, suddenly, plant science is no longer a quiet backwater for genial professors and their cuttings. It is the stuff of big business, patent rivalries and closely guarded technical tricks. If you believe biotechs gainsayers, this brave new plant science is also ushering in a dark age in which all genes will bear a no trespassing sign, and the companies that own them will move them from species to species like Lego bricks, to the detriment of whats left of the natural world and our respect for it. Many organisms researchers are manipulating are more complex than bacteria and have greater emotional resonance for humans, either because they are mammals or part of our food supply. 2 On the other hand, as Nathan Batalion points out a farmer may use toxic chemicals for many decades, and then let the land lie fallow for a year or two to convert back to organic farming. The chemicals tend to break down into natural substances within months or years. A few may persist for decades. But genetic pollution (from GMOs) can alter the life in the soil for ever! 3 Background General Background For the past 12,000 years, human kind has interfered with nature in different degrees to guarantee a steady stream of food. From the cultivation of wheat to the domestication of wild animals, humans have manipulated nature for their advantage and survival. Consequently, this has led to a more continuous and reliable source of food that allowed humanity to establish civilizations, pursue knowledge and create the world we know today. Unfortunately, for all the advancements we have accomplished a large portion of the worlds population lives in hunger. As a civilized society, it is our duty and responsibility to try to eradicate hunger and try to raise the standards of less fortunate nations. Farmers, eager to increase their crop yields and number of livestock, have adopted different new methods and technologies with hopes of success. Overall, their efforts have been outstripped by the increase in the worlds population and the failure of some of the technologies to live up to their promises. Over the years, the use of chemicals, pesticides and herbicides has grown to an unprecedented degree. This has led to problems not envisioned by society, such as, soil and water pollution due to overuse, resistance to herbicides and pesticides by organisms, mutagenicity and even resistant forms of bacteria. Today, there have emerged two competing solutions for the farmers woes, Genetically Modified Organisms and Organic farming. Both solutions have their supporters and their detractors. Simply put, Organic Farming is farming without the use of chemicals and farming with GMOs is using genetically modified crops to increase yields and lower the use of chemicals, herbicides and pesticides. Genetically Modified Organism Background The promise of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) or Genetically Modified Foods (GMFs) is increased yields from agriculture, more powerful control of pests and weeds, reduced use of agrochemicals and enhanced nutritional value. The agro-biotechnology industry has announced a revolution: it promises to increase world food production and reduce the requirements for water and other natural resources. Reduction of atmospheric emissions and chemical contamination of soils may be achieved. Another accomplishment this revolution promises is an abundant nutritionally improved diet for malnourished populations. Central to this revolution is genetically modified food (GMF)4. That is the promise of GMOs. Essentially, the process of genetically modifying a plant starts with a piece of DNA that has been isolated from an animal, another plant or a bacterium. This isolated piece of DNA can code for a protein, which has a specific function and could impart the ability of a plant to resist insects, grow at an accelerated rate, require less water and resist disease and chemicals. The isolated DNA, or gene, is then placed into a plant cell. As a result, the plant growing from this modified cell, carries the inserted gene and is enhanced to express new traits; however, the plants exhibit traits that are not possible under natural conditions. In the U. S, GMOs have found their way into a large portion of processed foods. As of January 2002, 5. 5 million farmers worldwide mainly in the U. S, Argentina, Canada and China now grow GM crops covering more than 50 million hectares. And with the vast countries like Indonesia about to join the GM club, next years leap could be bigger still. 5 Meaning, two thirds of all U. S processed foods have GM ingredients and 70-80 million acres of land is growing GM crops. This represents approximately 25% of agricultural lands in the U. S. Furthermore, products such as soybeans, corn, tomatoes and rapeseed (canola), have been genetically modified and are currently in the processed food chain. The problem is not that these products are on the market but, there are no labeling requirements, and today Genetically Modified Foods fill our supermarket shelves, our kitchens and restaurants. Sadly, few consumers are aware this has been going on. 6 The use of GMOs and GMFs is by no means universally accepted. While the U. S has adopted a very aggressive GMO and GMF program, with voluntary labeling, other countries have adopted a more conservative approach. Virtually all of the European nations, many Latin American countries as well as countries in the Near East and Asia have partially banned, restricted or imposed a moratorium on the use of GMOs or GMFs. Many countries require labels indicating that the food has been Genetically Engineered and impose severe legal penalties for non-compliance. Organic Farming Background.

Security Of Pakistan And International Terrorism Politics Essay

Security Of Pakistan And International Terrorism Politics Essay Security concerns are always a priority within a developing society; in simultaneity with the developing of individuals into groups, tribes, societies and ultimately the nations and states. In contemporary world it is generally assumed that states are the basic unit of international socio political arrangements. Idea of national security can be traced back to concept of states/ state sovereignty since during ages of kingdoms, state sovereignty was vested in the kings person; safeguarding him especially in battle and times of crisis. Over the centuries, kings lost their power and nation states established themselves in international arena. With emergence of the nation states in Europe, sovereignty was no longer vested in person of one individual but rested in sovereignty of the nation state itself. 2. National Security since then became essentially competitive; something to be achieved at other states expenses and increase in one states security arrangements got directly linked to the decrease of its adversarys security capabilities. 3. During Cold War era most common approach to the study of security was one, which examined the best means to mitigate external threats to the political/ territorial integrity of nation states. Predominant threats were seen as external military threats from other states or perhaps from strategic interaction between states since end of Cold War period. Alternative approaches to the security gained prominence in general and these approaches de-emphasized military issues/ responses/ focus instead on non-military threats (either intra state or trans national in nature and character). 4. Alternate security approaches in vogue include concepts like common security, cooperative security and comprehensive security. Concept of comprehensive security primarily concentrates on well being/ prosperity of human beings, economic prosperity, resource development or national security/ sovereignty. Centre of gravity remains Human Resource Development while connotations may vary between different Security Models. Basic thrust remains on enabling secured environment for progress, attainment of higher standards of human/ economic and dominance related issues. 5. National Power is one of the most important characteristics of a nations security capabilities and plays an important role on international scene. It implies possession of control, authority or influence over other nations/ states while National Power Potentials can be referred to as nations ability to influence behavior of others in accordance with its own national objectives/ goals and aims with focused on own national interests. States endeavor to maximize their share of power, utilizing own elements of national power to its advantage. Pakistan is the 7th largest country in the world and a nuclear power; blessed with most of the essential elements to ensure security and well being of its people. Being the front line state against the war on terror Pakistan is playing key role; while it has to maintain a credible conventional/ unconventional military forces for its own security since creation. Pakistan did not develop in socio-economic fields as it should have, however, with a w ell identified/ permanently known enemy, ever changing interests of major global players (notwithstanding other internal factors/ shortcomings); did get affected adversely in the past few decades. Problem Statement 1. Pakistans security dynamics essentially relate to changing global environment and internal problems being faced by the country especially after the break up of USSR and Pakistan becoming a nuclear country in 1998. Pakistans current predicament is much more complex compare to situation as it was in 1971. The security environment has the impact of sectarianism, intolerance, weaponisation, economic problems, good governance, ethnic strive and terrorism. These factors impact Pakistans internal as well as external security parameters. 2. In order to investigate and research security dynamics of Pakistan, the study will focus on: a. Analysis of Global Environment and the way it is impacting Pakistans Security paradigm. Analysis of internal security environment. Conclusion Recommendations 3. The challenges necessitate bold and imaginative policies. A correct perception of threat analysis leads to formulation of correct policies while correct understanding of threat scenario will lead us to devise appropriate measures to ensure security of Pakistan. Objective of my Research 1. Pakistans national security has external and internal dimensions. It essentially focuses on parameters like territorial integrity, national sovereignty and absence of a threat to these core national values. At international level the existence of trans-national actors and networks, which are resorting to terrorism and their penetration in Pakistans security environment, threatens the internal and external security dynamics of Pakistan. Terrorism has global implications. In order to analyze it in proper perspective its origins need to be examined so as to find lasting solutions to this international menace. 2. This paper would focus on defining terrorism, causes that have given birth to it and how it grew in Pakistan and its internal and external consequences for Pakistans security so as to recommend viable options for future security requirements. Significance Of Research Controlling extremism and fighting terrorism in Pakistan are part of a broader spectrum; that requires synergized global efforts as well as Resolve/ Sincere Efforts not only from Political Leadership of the country but every citizen of Pakistan. At the same time it calls for a change in thinking of Western Leadership; who perceives Islamic World as volatile/ hostile and bent upon challenging the world peace. To live in comparative safety, World Leadership will have to reassess its strategic interests, particularly in the Muslim World. Scope of my Research Analyzing genesis of terrorism in our society, its effects, internal security environment, and measures taken by the Government to tackle this menace I have proffered few recommendations to enhance counter terrorism capabilities at national level as well as for Army and Law Enforcement Authorities (LEAs). Limitations of Research Under prevalent security environment it is difficult to access records/ reports and evaluation studies conducted by the LEAs and Government Departments; to have a true insight to the factual position/ desired information. Scope of this topic is so vast that even whole world has not been able to agree on single definition of the word Terrorism; and so will be to identify its root causes, linkages and overall designs. Efforts will be made to evaluate this very important threat and global issue that has adversely affected Pakistan. Facts and figures quoted in this research paper have been taken from Open Sources i.e. ISPR Statements/ Reports, Electronic and Print Media and through personal interaction with responsible Government Official who deal with this issue but they opted not to be quoted in the best interests of the State. Hypothesis Global security and social environment impact Pakistan and Muslim world adversely which has widened the gap between the Muslims and rest of world. One of the views to solve this predicament is to create a change in approach towards Muslim society and remap the fight of terrorism which was initiated to control the few extremists instead of whole Muslim world. Literature review 1. The new millennium has bought with it new and daunting challenges for the world in general and Muslims in particular. The most obvious of these and even most acute, are political in nature. Most of the current world conflicts involve Muslims, which has inevitably led non-Muslims to believe, though wrongfully, that Islam is a religion of intolerance, militancy and terrorism. This perception is rapidly involving around the globe connecting Islam to fundamentalism, fundamentalism to extremism and extremism to terrorism. Naturally, these beliefs have created a deep mistrust of the west in the Muslim world. So the reality of suspicion and mistrust is on both sides of the divide. Pakistan itself has been a victim of terrorism even before 9/11. It posses an internal threat of colossal magnitude to our society. There have been many attributory factors which are generally well known to fight against this invisible source, it is imperative that the spirit of religion is not only clearly und erstood but also projected both home and abroad. We must take this threat seriously and also devise counter measures for its spread and prevention to make Pakistan safe for us and our future generations. 2. Terrorism was once considered an instrument of the insurgents in a certain phase of their struggle for gaining the coveted goal of ultimate freedom from a particular regime or an occupational force. It is now used as sweeping term against all those elements that seek to bring about socio-political change or even vent off their frustration without any end in view. The terrorist attacks of 9/11 have pushed the Muslims into a very difficult situation. The can come out of it only if they fully understand the global, regional and internal dynamics. There is no room for ignorance and obstinacy. Pakistan lies at the centre-stage of all the geo-strategic changes taking place in this part of the world. While she works with the global and regional actors to manage the influence of external environment, her greatest challenge lies within Pakistan. Since the influences of global, regional and domestic environments have conflicts and contradictions; the formulation of strategy to fight war on terror becomes extremely complex and challenging. The irony is that the sole super-power is loosing her goodwill capital very rapidly in the world and religious extremists of Pakistan do not loose any opportunity to spin any global event to their selfish political advantage. Likewise, regional actors like India do not hesitate to take advantage of global war on terror to label freedom movement in Kashmir into cross border terrorism. Pakistans strategic responses are therefore complex but not impossible. Theoretical Framework 1. 21st Century has witnessed terrorism as an emerging threat to world peace and security. This overgrowing menace has various forms and manifestations; its spectrum is broad and deep-rooted, ranging from religious and ideological extremism, sectarian intolerance, sub-national militant assertions, geo-strategic and political dynamics to transitional inclinations. Terrorism is not random, undirected or purposeless violence. It has clear objectives and uses violence and aggression as means to attain these objectives. Viewing this phenomenon from a restricted prism and merely focusing on the terrorist activities would mean administering a simplistic therapy to an exceedingly convoluted malaise, whose roots are well-woven into the geopolitical dynamics and socio-economic injustice. 2. The emergence of transitional terrorism has signaled a fundamental change in the nature of conflict, a paradigm shift from the cold war period. While the history of terrorism is very old, there is a little doubt that the events of September 11 dramatically changed the global security environment and the traditional concept of National Security. Pakistan has been a victim of terrorism for a long time. Our geostrategic location and proximity to the endemic sources of conflict place us unenviable situation. 3. To combat terrorism effectively, social and economic uplift and political resolution coupled with the requisite use of force should found the basis of counter terrorism strategy, but this too may appear easier said than done, because terrorism today, is an extremely complex and intricate phenomenon. Research Methodology Method Basing on my research and I will be using following methods:- Documentary Research Questionnaire Type For the subject paper the most appropriate type of my research is carry out the survey. Nature Exploratory Research Design It is obvious and perhaps without any doubt that terrorism has affected the global peace more than any epidemic or natural hazard the man kind has ever known. This fact has compelled me to carry out an effort to express my ideas to a level where needed and for this purpose the best option available were to carry out my survey through questionnaires including relevant information and public response. The second most reliable and authentic source of information was through the documentary evidences. Data Analysis Tools During the research I will be mainly focusing on the tools like;- Self administered questionnaires Research papers This research is undertaken for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree; the information in use from this survey will be kept confidential. Security of Pakistan and State of International Terrorism QUESTIONNAIRE Name________________________________________ Age __________ Profession____________________________________ Date__________ Note: Please encircle your appropriate choice Do you agree that terrorism has affected our society? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that Pakistans role as a frontline state has due importance in war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Does 9/11 incident has any significance in war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Are you satisfied with Americas role in war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that Pakistans Government hasnt handled the war on terrorism in a right way? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that the war is the only way to eliminate terrorism from our society? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you propose that government should hold dialogues with the terrorists? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that media has any role in eradicating the terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that media is playing a right role in eliminating and creating awareness in the people regarding terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that United Nation has completely failed in controlling terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you agree that terrorism is more deep rooted than ever since the war against terrorism stared? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that war against terrorism has directly affected our country and our socio-economic structure? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that International Aid could help Pakistan to fight against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Are you satisfied with the result war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that the war against terrorism has adversely affected our new generations? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree You think that we can easily role back from this war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Are you satisfied with the role of Muslim World and OIC in war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that the existing methodology of war against terrorism is working perfectly? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you believe that the result of this war has produced significant positive effect on our society? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you believe that the result of this war has produced significant negative effect on our society? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you suggest that Pakistan should stop supporting the war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that now our society has more awareness and has clear vision about their role in war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that Americas decision is more aggressive and they should find some other way to end up this war against terrorism? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that drones attacks are effective? Are they posing any threats to our National Integrity? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Do you think that we must dialogue at every level and forgive terrorists, and should give them a chance to start their lives once again? Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Any other Comments:- ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ End Notes V.P. Dutt, Indias Foreign Policy in a Changing World, (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House , 1999) p. 4 B. Raman, Internal Security, Changing Environment, South Asia Analysis group, 26 June 2002. p. 483. International Terrorism and Anti-Terror War: Chinese Perspective by Xia Liping, Conference on Global Terrorism at Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad on August 29-31, 2005. p. 1 Syed Raffat Hussain War against Terrorism: Pakistani Perspective IPRI issue of Winter 2004. IPS Publication Terrorism and Challenges to Pakistan Available at www.ips.org.pak Economic survey of Pakistan 2004-05 Ibid. Education system of Pakistan-a presentation made by Secretary Education in ND Hall.

The Equal Rights Amendment Essay -- Women Feminism Equality Essays

The Equal Rights Amendment "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1923, this statement was admitted to Congress under the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The ERA was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution granting equality between men and women under the law. If the Era was passed, it would have made unconstitutional any laws that grant one sex different rights than the other. However, in the 1970s, the Era was not passed, and therefore did not become law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea for an equal rights amendment first became acknowledged in the early part of the twentieth century. In 1916, Alice Paul founded the National Women's party (NWP), a political party dedicated to establishing equal rights for women. Traditionally, women were viewed as weaker and inferior to men. The purpose of the ERA was to prohibit any person from acting on this belief. Alice Paul viewed that equality under the law was the foundation essential to full equality for women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In November of 1922, the NWP voted to work for a federal amendment that could guarantee women's equal rights regardless of legislatures' indecisions. The NWP had 400 women lobbying for equality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite strong opposition by some women and men, the NWP introduced and Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1923. In order to become law, the amendment needed a two-thirds vote in both houses of the congress of the United States, or a supporting petition of two-thirds of the state legislatures. Then the amendment would have required ratification by three-fourths of the states. However, it failed to get the two-thirds majority required to move onto the states for approval. The proposed amendment also failed in following sessions until 1972, when it won a majority vote in Congress. The main objectives of the women's movement included equal pay for equal work, federal support for day-care centers, recognition of lesbian rights, continued legalization of abortion, and the focus of serious attention on the problems of rape, wife and child beating, and discrimination against older and minority women. The ERA would have addressed all of these issues if it were passed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Had it been adopted, the ERA would have resolved the paradox of an oppressed majorit... ...t giving the Supreme Court and federal agencies authority to spell out the meaning of equal rights would be risky. Decisions made on such a level would be too far removed from the ideas and desires of the people. Opponents felt that equal rights should be dealt with on a local or state level where legislators can be voted out of position if the people do not like some of the decisions made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the ERA did not pass, all of the actions made by NOW, NWP, and any of the other women's movements, have greatly aided women in their battle against sex discrimination in the work place, in educational institutions, and in their roles as wives and mothers, and finally laid to rest the controversy over protective legislation and equal rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like the Fourteenth Amendment, we are inclined to forget that the ERA was designed not to change values but to modify behavior of mainstream citizens by changing the constitutional status of a particular group. The ERA's purpose was and is to provide equality of opportunity through the Constitution and legal system for those women who want to realize full personal and professional expectations within mainstream America.

Book Review of Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide :: Accounting Finances Businesses Essays

Book Review of Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide Business Policy and Strategy: An Action Guide, by Robert Murdick, R. Carl Moor and Richard H. Eckhouse, attempts to tie together the broad policies and interrelationships that exist among the many functional areas which undergraduate students typically study. The authors intend the text to supplement the typical case book and/or computer simulations used in teaching business strategy (ix). Situational analysis is presented, as is a structure for developing strategy. Practicality and real world experience is combined with educational theory to provide as complete a picture as possible of strategy in business. The authors have divided the text into 15 chapters with no further subdivisions. It is possible, however, to group the chapters into specific areas of study. For example, the first chapter, "Business Failure -- Business Success," examines why businesses fail, and provides the reason for continuing with the remainder of the text. The next two chapters focus on the "field of action," including the business environment and the business system. The fourth and fifth chapters introduce strategic management (chapter 4) and the struggle not only to survive, but to prosper using strategic management (chapter 5). Chapters Six through Nine address specific functional areas (marketing, accounting/finance, production, and engineering/research and development). Chapters 10 and 11 introduce the reader to the problems of managing human resources (chapter 10) and data processing resources (chapter 11). The last four chapters discuss the issues involved with analyzing business situations. Multinational business analysis is the subject of chapter 12, while chapter 13 turns the reader's attention to how to conduct an industry study. Chapters 14 and 15 focus on how to analyze a case and illustrations of case analysis, respectively. The text concludes with an appendix of symbols used by those who evaluate reports and a general index to topics within the book. The authors make good and frequent use of charts, graphs, forms and other graphic techniques to illustrate their points. Each chapter concludes with a selected bibliography that the student may use for additional research. The book is printed entirely in black ink; the use of color for key concepts would have enhanced the book's value as a teaching text. Visually, the book is crowded without much white space for readers to make notes. Key concepts could also have been separated from supporting text in a more clear manner. While each chapter has a summary, they do not have an introduction or a listing of key words of concepts that the student should learn as a result of studying each chapter. Such aids would make